Surrealism 50 Works of Art You Should Know Pdf

xx Revolutionary Art Movements That Have Shaped Our Visual History

Looking back through Western history, information technology'southward incredible to run across how many types of fine art have made an impact on society. Past tracing a timeline through different art movements, nosotros're able to not only see how modern and contemporary art has developed, only also how art is a reflection of its time.

For instance, did you lot know that Impressionism was once considered an underground, controversial motion or that Abstract Expressionism signaled a shift in the art world from Paris to New York? Like building blocks, from Realism to Lowbrow, these unlike types of art are interconnected. Every bit the creative pendulum swings, creative styles are ofttimes reactions against or homages to their predecessors. And by looking back at some of the virtually important art movements in history, nosotros have a clearer understanding of how famous artists like Van Gogh, Picasso, and Warhol have revolutionized the art world.

These 20 visual art movements are primal to understanding the dissimilar types of art that shape mod history.

Italian Renaissance Art

From the 14th through 17 century, Italian republic underwent an unprecedented age of enlightenment. Known as the Renaissance—a term derived from the Italian discussion Rinascimento, or "rebirth"—this period saw increased attending to cultural subjects similar art and architecture.

Italian Renaissance artists like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Raphael found inspiration in classical art from Ancient Rome and Greece, adopting ancient interests like rest, naturalism, and perspective. In Renaissance-era Italian republic, this antiquity-inspired approach materialized as humanist portrait painting, anatomically correct sculpture, and harmonious, symmetrical architecture.

Artists to Know: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Titian

Iconic Artwork: Nascency of Venus by Sandro Botticelli (1486), The Concluding Supper by Leonardo da Vinci (1495 – 1498),Mona Lisa (c. 1503 – 1506),David by Michelangelo (1501 – 1504), The School of Athens by Raphael (1509 – 1511)

Baroque

"The Ecstasy of St. Teresa" by Bernini. 1647-1652. Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome

Toward the end of the Renaissance, the Bizarre move emerged in Italy. Like the preceding genre, Baroque fine art showcased artistic interests in realism and rich color. Unlike Renaissance art and compages, however, Baroque works too emphasized extravagance.

This opulence is axiomatic in Baroque painting, sculpture, and architecture. Painters similar Caravaggio suggested drama through their treatment of light and depiction of movement. Sculptors like Bernini achieved a sense of theatricality through dynamic contours and intricate pall. And architects across Europe embellished their designs with ornamentation ranging from intricate carvings to imposing columns.

Artists to Know: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Bernini

Iconic Artwork: The Calling of Saint Matthew by Caravaggio (1599 –1600),The Night Lookout by Rembrandt (1642), The Ecstasy of St. Teresa by Bernini (1647 – 1652)

Rococo

Post-obit the extravagance and ability of Baroque art came the lighthearted and flirtatious Rococo movement, which blossomed in 18th-century France before spreading to other European countries. The termRococo derives fromrocaille, a method of ornament using pebbles, seashells, and cement to adorn grottoes and fountains in the Renaissance. During the 1730s, the rocaille decoration inspired scrolling curves in ornamental article of furniture and interior design. In painting, this decorative mode transferred to a love of whimsical narratives, pastel colors, and fluid forms.

Artists to know: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Antoine Watteau, François Boucher

Iconic Artwork: The Swing by Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1767)

Neoclassicism

Jacques-Louis David, "The Oath of the Horatii," 1784–5 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Neoclassicism is an 18th-century fine art movement based on the ethics of art from Rome and Aboriginal Greece. Its involvement in simplicity and harmony was partially inspired every bit a negative reaction to the overly frivolous aesthetic of the decorative Rococo style. The discovery of Roman archaeological cities Pompeii and Herculaneum (in 1738 and 1748, respectively) helped galvanize the spirit of this movement.

Artists to Know: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Antonio Canova

Iconic Artwork: The Adjuration o the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David (1784–1785),The Death of Socrates past Jacques-Louis David (1787), Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David (1793), The Grande Odalisque past Ingres (1814)

Romanticism

Eugène Delacroix, "Liberty Leading the People," 1830 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Romanticism was a cultural movement that emerged around 1780. Until its onset, Neoclassicism dominated 18th-century European art, typified by a focus on classical subject matter, an interest in artful austerity, and ideas in line with the Enlightenment, an intellectual, philosophical, and literary motion that placed emphasis on the individual.

Artists similar Eugène Delacroixplant inspiration in their own imaginations. This introspective approach lent itself to an art course that predominantly explored the spiritual.

Artists to Know: Joseph Mallord William Turner, Eugène Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya

Iconic Artwork: Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich (1818), Liberty Leading the People by Delacroix (1830)

Realism

Realism is a genre of art that started in France after the French Revolution of 1848. A clear rejection of Romanticism, the ascendant style that had come earlier it, Realist painters focused on scenes of contemporary people and daily life. What may seem normal at present was revolutionary after centuries of painters depicting exotic scenes from mythology and the Bible, or creating portraits of the nobility and clergy.

French artists like Gustave Courbet and Honoré Daumier, as well as international artists like James Abbott McNeill Whistler, focused on all social classes in their artwork, giving voice to poorer members of society for the first fourth dimension and depicting social bug stemming from the Industrial Revolution. Photography was also an influence on this type of fine art, pushing painters to produce realistic representations in competition with this new technology.

Artists to Know: Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-François Millet, James McNeill Whistler

Iconic Artwork:The Gleanersby Jean-François Millet (1857), The Burying at Ornans past Gustave Courbet (1849 – 1850)

Impressionism

It may be hard to believe, simply this now beloved fine art genre was once an outcast visual movement. Breaking from Realism, Impressionist painters moved away from realistic representations to use visible brushstrokes, vivid colors with little mixing, and open compositions to capture the emotion of light and move. Impressionism started when a group of French artists broke with bookish tradition by painting en plein air—a shocking decision when virtually mural painters executed their work indoors in a studio.

The original group, which included Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille, was formed in the early 1860s in France. Additional artists would join in forming their own society to exhibit their artwork subsequently being rejected by the traditional French salons, who deemed it too controversial to showroom. This initial underground exhibition, which took place in 1874, allowed them to gain public favor.

Artists to Know: Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Mary Cassatt

Iconic Artwork: Impression, Sunrise by Monet (1872), Bal du Moulin de la Galette by Renoir (1876), Water Liliesseries past Monet (1890s – 1900s)

Mail-Impressionism

Again originating from France, this type of art developed between 1886 and 1905 as a response to the Impressionist movement. This fourth dimension, artists reacted against the need for the naturalistic depictions of light and color in Impressionist art. Equally opposed to before styles, Mail service-Impressionism covers many dissimilar types of fine art, from the Pointillism of Georges Seurat to the Symbolism of Paul Gauguin.

Not unified past a single fashion, artists were united by the inclusion of abstruse elements and symbolic content in their artwork. Perhaps the most well-known Mail-Impressionist is Vincent van Gogh, who used colour and his brushstrokes not to convey the emotional qualities of the landscape, but his ain emotions and land of mind.

Artists to Know: Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard

Iconic Artwork: A Dominicus Afternoon on La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat (1884 – 1886), The Starry Nighttimeby Vincent van Gogh (1889), The Yellow Christ by Paul Gauguin (1891)

Art Nouveau

At the end of the 19th century, a motion of "new fine art" swept through Europe. Characterized by an interest in stylistically reinterpreting the beauty of nature, artists from across the continent adopted and adapted this avant-garde style. As a event, it materialized in sub-movements likethe Vienna Secession in Austria,Modernisme in Spain, and, virtually prominently,Art Nouveau in France.

The French Art Nouveau style was embraced by artists working in a range of mediums. In add-on to the fine arts, like painting and sculpture, it featured heavily in architecture and decorative arts of the catamenia. Nevertheless, perchance its most enduring legacy can be institute in the poster—a commercial craft that Czech artist Alphonse Mucha helped drag as a modern art form.

Artists to Know: Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt

Iconic Artwork: The 4 Seasons by Alphonse Mucha, The Kiss by Gustav Klimt

Cubism

Pablo Picasso, "Les Demoiselles d'Avignon," 1907 (Photograph: Wikimedia Commons, Off-white Employ)

A truly revolutionary manner of art, Cubism is one of the most important art movements of the 20th century. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque developed Cubism in the early 1900s, with the term being coined by art critic Louis Vauxcelles in 1907 to describe the artists. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, the two men—joined by other artists—would use geometric forms to build upward the concluding representation. Completely breaking with whatsoever previous art movement, objects were analyzed and broken apart, but to exist reassembled into an abstracted form.

This reduction of images to minimal lines and shapes was function of the Cubist quest for simplification. The minimalist outlook besides trickled downward into the color palette, with Cubists forgoing shadowing and using limited hues for a flattened appearance. This was a clear pause from the utilise of perspective, which has been the standard since the Renaissance. Cubism opened the doors for later art movements, like Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism, by throwing out the prescribed creative person's rulebook.

Artists to Know: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris

Iconic Artwork:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon by Pablo Picasso (1907)

Futurism

Giacomo Balla, "Dynamism of a Dog on a Ternion," 1912 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Fascinated past new industry and thrilled by what lay alee, the early 20th-centuryFuturists carved out a identify in history. Growing out of Italy, these artists worked as painters, sculptors, graphic designers, musicians, architects, and industrial designers. As the early manifesto did not straight address the artistic output of Futurism, it took some fourth dimension before there was a cohesive visual. A hallmark of Futurist fine art is the delineation of speed and motility. In particular, they adhered to principles of "universal dynamism," which meant that no single object is dissever from its background or another object.

This is best exemplified in Giacomo Balla'sDynamism of a Dog on a Leash, where the motion of walking the domestic dog is shown through the multiplying of the dog's feet, ternion, and possessor'south legs.

Artists to Know: Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni

Iconic Artwork: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash by Giacomo Balla (1912), Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni (1913)

Dada

Dada was a 20th-century avant-garde fine art move (oft referred to as an "anti-art" move) born out of the tumultuous societal landscape and turmoil of WWI. Information technology began equally a vehement reaction and revolt against the horrors of war and the hypocrisy and follies of bourgeois society that had led to it. In a subversion of all aspects of Western civilization (including its fine art), the ideals of Dada rejected all logic, reason, rationality, and guild—all considered pillars of an evolved and advanced order since the days of the Enlightenment.

Artists to Know: Marcel Duchamp, Man Ray, Tristan Tzara

Iconic Artwork: Fountain by Marcel Duchamp (1917)

Bauhaus

Affiche for the Bauhaus movement by Joos Schmidt, 1923 (Photo: Wikimedia Commons, Public domain)

Ranging from paintings and graphics to architecture and interiors,Bauhaus art dominated many outlets of experimental European fine art throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Though it is well-nigh closely associated with Germany, it attracted and inspired artists of all backgrounds. Bauhaus—literally translated to "structure house"—originated as a German school of the arts in the early 20th century. Founded by Walter Gropius, the schoolhouse eventually morphed into its own modern art movement characterized by its unique approach to architecture and design.

Artists to Know: Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee, Joost Schmidt, Marcel Breur

Iconic Artwork: Yellow-Red-Blueish past Wassily Kandinsky (1925), Wassily Chair by Marcel Breur (1925)

Art Deco

Art Deco is a modernist motility that emerged in 1920s Europe. While many different aesthetics etch the motion—including unlike color palettes and a range of materials, from ebony and ivory to wood and plastic—it is nearly frequently characterized past streamlined, geometric forms contrasted by rich ornamentation and linear decoration.

Paintings produced in the Art Deco style typically feature bold forms and busy compositions. Some, like those by Polish-born painter Tamara de Lempicka, depict dynamic portraits of fashionable subjects. Typically, these figures are dressed in bright colors and fix in abstracted metropolitan locations.

Artists to Know: Tamara de Lempicka

Iconic Artwork: Tamara in a Green Bugatti by Tamara de Lempicka (1929)

Surrealism

"The Persistence of Retentiveness" past Salvador Dalí. 1931. MoMA, New York.

A precise definition of Surrealism can be difficult to grasp, just it'due south clear that this once avant-garde movement has staying power, remaining one of the most approachable art genres, even today. Imaginative imagery spurred by the hidden is a hallmark of this blazon of art, which started in the 1920s. The movement began when a grouping of visual artists adopted automatism, a technique that relied on the subconscious for inventiveness.

Tapping into the entreatment for artists to liberate themselves from restriction and have on total creative freedom, Surrealists frequently challenged perceptions and reality in their artwork. Part of this came from the juxtaposition of a realistic painting style with anarchistic, and unrealistic, subject matters.

Artists to Know: Salvador Dalí, Max Ernst, René Magritte

Iconic Artwork: The Treachery of Images by René Magritte (1929), The Persistence of Retentivenessby Salvador Dalí (1931)

Abstract Expressionism

"Autumn Rhythm (Number xxx)" by Jackson Pollock. 1950. Metropolitan Museum of Fine art, New York.

Abstruse Expressionism is an American art movement—the commencement to explode on an international calibration—that started after World State of war 2. It solidified New York equally the new center of the art earth, which had traditionally been based in Paris. The genre developed in the 1940s and 1950s, though the term was likewise used to draw work by earlier artists like Wassily Kandinsky. This style of art takes the spontaneity of Surrealism and injects information technology with the dark mood of trauma that lingered post-War.

Jackson Pollock is a leader of the move, with his drip paintings spotlighting the spontaneous creation and gestural paint application that defines the genre. The term "Abstruse Expressionism," though closely married to Pollock'southward work, isn't limited to ane specific style. Piece of work as varied as Willem de Kooning's figurative paintings and Mark Rothko's color fields are grouped nether the umbrella of Abstract Expressionism.

Artists to Know: Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko

Iconic Artwork:Autumn Rhythm (Number thirty)by Jackson Pollock

Popular Art

Rising up in the 1950s, Pop Fine art is a pivotal movement that heralds the onset of gimmicky art. This post-war style emerged in Britain and America, including imagery from advertizement, comic books, and everyday objects. Frequently satirical, Pop Art emphasized banal elements of common appurtenances and is frequently thought of as a reaction confronting the subconscious elements of Abstruse Expressionism.

Roy Lichtenstein's assuming, vibrant piece of work is an excellent example of how parody and pop civilisation merged with fine fine art to make accessible fine art. Andy Warhol, the about famous of the Pop Art figures, helped push the revolutionary concept of fine art as mass production, creating numerous silkscreen series of his popular works.

Artists to Know: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Jasper Johns

Iconic Artwork:Campbell's Soup Cans by Andy Warhol (1962)

Installation Art

"The Souls of Millions of Light Years Away" by Yayoi Kusama

In the centre of the 20th century, advanced artists in America and Europe began producing Installation Art. Installations are three-dimensional constructions that play with infinite to interactively engage viewers. Often large-scale and site-specific, these works of art transform museums, galleries, and even outdoor locations into immersive environments.

Inspired by Marcel Duchamp's DadaistReadymades—a series of found objects contextualized as sculptures— this important genre was pioneered by modern masters similar Yayoi Kusama and Louise Bourgeois. Today, contemporary artists keep his practise alive, crafting experimental installations from mediums like string, paper, and flowers.

Artists to Know: Yayoi Kusama, Louise Bourgeois, Damien Hirst

Iconic Artwork:Mirror Rooms by Yayoi Kusama

Kinetic Art

"Rouge Triomphant (Triumphant Blood-red)" by Alexander Calder. 1959–1965.

The seemingly contemporary fine art movement actually has its roots in Impressionism, when artists offset began attempting to express motion in their fine art. In the early 1900s, artists began to experiment further with art in motility, with sculptural motorcar and mobiles pushing kinetic art forward. Russian artists Vladimir Tatlin and Alexander Rodchenko were the first creators of sculptural mobiles, something that would later exist perfected past Alexander Calder.

In contemporary terms, kinetic art encompasses sculptures and installations that take movement as their primary consideration. American artist Anthony Howe is a leading figure in the contemporary movement, using calculator-aided pattern for his large-scale current of air-driven sculptures.

Artists to Know: Alexander Calder, Jean Tinguely, Anthony Howe

Iconic Artwork: Arc of Petalsby Alexander Calder

Photorealism

"Untitled" past Yigal Ozeri. 2012.

Photorealism is a style of fine art that is concerned with the technical ability to wow viewers. Primarily an American art movement, it gained momentum in the belatedly 1960s and 1970s equally a reaction confronting Abstract Expressionism. Here, artists were nearly concerned with replicating a photograph to the best of their ability, carefully planning out their work to neat effect and eschewing the spontaneity that is the hallmark of Abstract Expressionism. Similar to Pop Art, Photorealism is often focused on imagery related to consumer culture.

Early on Photorealism was steeped in nostalgia for the American landscape, while more recently, photorealistic portraits have become a more than common field of study. Hyperrealism is an advocacy of the artistic style, where painting and sculpture are executed in a manner to provoke a superior emotional response and to arrive at higher levels of realism due to technical developments. A common thread is that all works must starting time with a photographic reference point.

Artists to Know: Chuck Shut, Ralph Going, Yigal Ozeri

Iconic Artwork: Untitledpast Yigal Ozeri

Lowbrow

Lowbrow, likewise called pop surrealism, is an art move that grew out of an underground California scene in the 1970s. Traditionally excluded from the fine art globe, lowbrow art moves from painted artworks to toys, digital art, and sculpture. The genre also has its roots in cloak-and-dagger comix, punk music, and surf culture, with artists not seeking acceptance from mainstream galleries. By mixing surrealism imagery with pop colors or figures, artists accomplish dreamlike results that often play on erotic or satirical themes. The rise of magazines like Juxtapoz and Hi-Fructose have given lowbrow artists a forum to display their work outside of mainstream contemporary art media.

Artists to Know: Mark Ryden, Ray Caesar, Audrey Kawasaki

Iconic Artwork:Incarnationby Mark Ryden

This article has been edited and updated.

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